Доброякісні та злоякісні (меланоцитарні та немеланоцитарні) новоутворення шкіри: класифікація, клінічні вияви, діагностика, тактика лікування (аналіз сучасної спеціальної літератури та власні клінічні спостереження, діагностичні дослідження)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30978/UJDVK2023-4-20Ключові слова:
доброякісні та злоякісні новоутворення шкіри; класифікація; діагностика; дерматоскопія; високочастотна ультразвукова діагностика.Анотація
Мета роботи — проаналізувати чинні натепер класифікації, можливі причини виникнення, локалізацію, клінічну картину і перебіг низки доброякісних та злоякісних новоутворень шкіри, а також визначити інформативну значущість сучасних методів діагностики (дерматоскопія, високочастотне ультразвукове дослідження) для вибору раціональної тактики лікування.
Матеріали та методи. На підставі аналізу літератури та результатів власних клінічних спостережень і дерматоскопічних та високочастотних ультразвукових діагностичних досліджень систематизовано клінічні вияви і морфологічні ознаки низки доброякісних та злоякісних новоутворень шкіри.
Результати та обговорення. На сучасному етапі візуалізаційні методи діагностики посідають провідне місце у діагностиці доброякісних і злоякісних новоутворень шкіри. До відповідних методів діагностики належать дерматоскопія і цифрова дерматоскопія з використанням штучного інтелекту, високочастотне ультразвукове дослідження, конфокальна мікроскопія і оптична когерентна томографія. Особливу увагу приділяють діагностичній значущості високочастотного ультразвукового дослідження, що дає змогу неінвазивно у режимі реального часу визначити розміри і глибину інвазії та оцінити межі доброякісних і злоякісних новоутворень шкіри. Представлено також результати власних клінічних спостережень та дерматоскопічних і високочастотних ультразвукових досліджень низки доброякісних і злоякісних новоутворень шкіри з обговоренням отриманих даних.
Висновки. Враховуючи достатньо значну кількість нозологій доброякісних і злоякісних новоутворень шкіри та їхніх клінічних варіацій, важливим є своєчасне встановлення правильного діагнозу. Натепер у дерматологічній практиці активно запроваджують візуалізаційні методи діагностики доброякісних і злоякісних новоутворень шкіри, зокрема дерматоскопію, високочастотне ультразвукове дослідження, конфокальну мікроскопію і оптичну когерентну томографію.
Високочастотна ультразвукова діагностика новоутворень шкіри є достатнім інформативним методом, що дає можливість неінвазивно в режимі реального часу визначати розміри і глибину інвазії та стадію проліферації доброякісних і злоякісних новоутворень шкіри. Комбіноване застосування дерматоскопії та високочастотної ультразвукової діагностики є важливим для попереднього диференціювання доброякісних і злоякісних новоутворень шкіри. Це дає змогу обрати раціональну індивідуалізовану тактику лікування, а також здійснювати моніторинг ефективності проведеної терапії.
Посилання
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